Dual enteric and respiratory tropisms of winter dysentery bovine coronavirus in calves. (2007 Oct)
Dual enteric and respiratory tropisms of winter dysentery bovine coronavirus in calves . although winter dysentery ( WD ) , which is caused by the bovine coronavirus ( BCoV ) is characterized by the sudden onset of diarrhea in many adult cattle in a herd , the pathogenesis of the WD BCoV is not completely understood . In this study , colostrum deprived calves were experimentally infected with a korean WD BCoV strain and examined for viremia , enteric and nasal virus shedding as well as for viral antigen expression and virus associated lesions in the small and large intestines and the upper and lower respiratory tract from 1 to 8 days after an oral infection . The WD BCoV inoculated calves showed gradual villous atrophy in the small intestine and a gradual increase in the crypt depth of the large intestine . The WD BCoV infected animals showed epithelial damage in nasal turbinates , trachea and lungs , and interstitial pneumonia . The WD BCoV antigen was detected in the epithelium of the small and large intestines , nasal turbinates , trachea and lungs . WD BCoV RNA was detected in the serum from post inoculation day 3 . these results show that the WD BCoV has dual tropism and induces pathological changes in both the digestive and respiratory tracts of calves . To our knowledge , this is the first detailed report of dual enteric and respiratory tropisms of WD BCoV in calves . comprehensive studies of the …

The neutrophil and chronic allergic inflammation. (1990 Apr)
The neutrophil and chronic allergic inflammation . immunochemical localization of neutrophil elastase . To test whether neutrophils infiltrate and degranulate in areas of chronic respiratory allergic inflammation , we developed an indirect immunofluorescence technique to localize neutrophil elastase in formalin fixed , paraffin embedded tissues . The affinity purified antielastase stained only neutrophils on peripheral blood buffy coat smears , and in lung tissue from patients with pneumonia . We examined tissue specimens from four patients with fatal asthma , 10 patients with chronic sinusitis , and 10 patients with nasal polyposis for the presence of elastase , as well as eosinophil granule major basic protein ( MBP ) . neutrophil infiltration and extracellular elastase deposition in association with damage to respiratory epithelium were generally sparse in most specimens ; the exceptions were one patient with asthma , one patient with chronic sinusitis , and two patients with nasal polyposis . In contrast , eosinophil infiltration and extracellular MBP deposition were generally marked in most specimens ; the exceptions were one patient with asthma and one patient with nasal polyps where extracellular MBP deposition did not coincide with damage to respiratory epithelium . The results suggest that the neutrophil does not usually infiltrate tissues showing allergic inflammation ; however , on occasion , it may participate in these inflammatory reactions .

Distribution and relationship to serotype of haemophilus influenzae biotypes isolated from upper respiratory tracts of children and adults in papua … (1984 Jun)
distribution and relationship to serotype of haemophilus influenzae biotypes isolated from upper respiratory tracts of children and adults in papua New guinea . The relationship between serotypes and biotypes of 505 carriage strains of haemophilus influenzae isolated from the upper respiratory tracts of well children , children with pneumonia , and healthy adults was studied . All except serotype c were significantly associated with one or two specific biotypes ( P less than 0 . 001 ) . No encapsulated organisms belonging to biotypes V , VI , or VII were encountered . No significant difference in the interaction of biotypes and serotypes isolated from well and sick children was present . Both encapsulated and nonserotypable biotype I H . influenzae strains were commonly carried in the upper respiratory tracts of healthy melanesian children . The distribution of nonserotypable H . influenzae strains occurred throughout all biotypes , and the frequency of nonencapsulated biotype III and IV strains differed significantly from serotypable organisms with the same biotype ( P less than 0 . 001 ) .

Detection of brazilian bovine respiratory syncytial virus strain by a reverse transcriptase nested polymerase chain reaction in experimentally infected calves. (2005 Jan)
detection of brazilian bovine respiratory syncytial virus strain by a reverse transcriptase nested polymerase chain reaction in experimentally infected calves . A reverse transcriptase ( RT ) nested polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) was standardised to detect bovine respiratory syncytial virus ( BRSV ) , using a brazilian isolate , in three experimentally infected calves . This followed initial tests in infected chicken embryo related ( CER ) cells . One animal had lesions , characterized by interstitial multifocal pneumonia , severe interstitial and subpleural emphysema , and lung consolidated areas . Lung and tracheal tissues collected 6 days after infection were analysed by RT nested PCR . primers , specific for the BRSV G and F glycoproteins genes , yielded amplification fragments of 371 and 481 bp , respectively , from the RNA of the cell propagated virus . using RNA extracted from organs of infected calves , RT nested PCR amplified the fragment of the G gene in all tracheal samples , but in only two of three lung samples analysed . these results suggest that RT nested PCR could be a promising assay for diagnosis and epidemiological analysis of BRSV in brazil .

Nasal and otologic effects of experimental respiratory syncytial virus infection in adults. (2002 Mar)
nasal and otologic effects of experimental respiratory syncytial virus infection in adults . purpose : upper respiratory tract viral infections continue to cause substantial patient morbidity and complications including sinusitis , otitis media , and pneumonia . This study was conducted to more clearly define the extent and frequency of nasal and otologic effects of respiratory syncytial virus infection in healthy adult volunteers . materials AND methods : thirty two healthy , susceptible adult volunteers were cloistered for a 9 day period . during this time , subjects underwent nasal inoculation with respiratory syncytial virus . monitoring included daily self assessment of general health , as well as nasal and otologic symptoms . objective measurements of nasal and otologic function included expelled nasal secretion weight , saccharin dye mucociliary clearance , sonotubometry , tympanometry , and physical examination . A nasal lavage was done each morning , and fluids were submitted for viral detection . twenty one days after viral inoculation , all subjects had convalescent blood samples drawn for assay of virus specific antibody titres . results : eighteen subjects ( 56 ) became infected with the challenge as determined by either viral shedding ( 47 ) or antigen detection ( 41 ) from the nose or a 4 fold rise in virus specific antibody titer ( 34 ) . infected subjects more frequently reported adverse nasal ( congestion , rhinorrhea ) and general symptoms ( fever , malaise , illness ) . By day 6 , only 46 …

DNA amplification of nasopharyngeal aspirates in rats : a procedure to detect pneumocystis carinii. (1999 Oct)
DNA amplification of nasopharyngeal aspirates in rats : a procedure to detect pneumocystis carinii . The diagnosis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia ( PCP ) requires invasive methods of bronchoalveolar lavage and lung biopsy . In this study , we examined efficacy of polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) compared to giemsa and silver ammoniacal staining to detect P . carinii in easily accessible extrapulmonary sites as well as lung . samples were collected from lung , nasal and pharyngeal aspirates , gastric contents , urine and blood from dexamethasone treated or untreated virus free sprague dawley rats . All immunosuppressed lung samples were P . carinii positive by PCR analysis and both stains . respectively DNA fragments of P . carinii were found in 93 , of nasal and 75 of pharyngeal aspirates , and 0 of sera , urine or gastric aspirates from immunosuppressed rats . however , no P . carinii cysts or trophozoites were found in nasal and pharyngeal aspirates ( extrapulmonary sites ) by silver ammoniacal or giemsa staining . In comparison , none of the specimens from immunocompetent rats were PCR positive at any sites tested including the lungs . therefore , PCR amplification products of nasal and pharyngeal aspirates showed that immunosuppressed rats with PCP can carry P . carinii DNA fragments in their upper respiratory tracts , but immunocompetent animals without PCP , are free of the organism and this suggests an approach to be investigated in humans with PCP .

Nasal pressure support ventilation ( NPSV ) in a case of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in single lung transplantation In patients … (1994 Oct)
nasal pressure support ventilation ( NPSV ) in a case of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in single lung transplantation In patients who underwent lung transplantation one of the primary determinants of patient survival is infection . contributing factors in the development of pneumonia include immunosuppression and alterations in the natural lung defense mechanism induced by transplantation . We describe a case of a pneumocystis carinii pneumonia occurring in the recipient of single lung transplantation for interstitial lung disease four months after surgery . The patient developed severe acute respiratory failure ( ARF ) requiring mechanical ventilation . because of the increased infectious risk , tracheal intubation was avoided and pressure support ventilation was performed by the nasal route ( NPSV ) with PEEP ( PS : 16 cm H2O PEEP : 8 cm H2O ) . NPSV and PEEP were applied 20 22 hours / day in the first 4 days , thereafter 2 to 6 hours 3 times a day , together with medical therapy . This treatment was performed for 15 days . This mode of ventilation was well tolerated and was successful . We conclude that NPSV may be useful in the treatment of ARF in patients with lung transplantation , particularly to avoid invasive mechanical ventilation related infectious complications .

Experimental sendai virus infection in laboratory rats. (1987 Nov)
experimental sendai virus infection in laboratory rats . II . pathology and immunohistochemistry . intranasal inoculation of 5 to 8 week old specific pathogen free sprague dawley rats with 5 X 10 ( 3 ) egg infectious doses of sendai virus resulted in severe rhinitis , bronchiolitis and alveolitis . The most severe rhinitis occurred on postinoculation ( PI ) days 4 6 , and pneumonia on day 4 . rhinitis and pneumonia persisted to PI day 21 , with peribronchial lymphoid infiltration detectable at PI day 42 . immunohistochemical studies showed that sendai virus antigens were present primarily in columnar epithelial cells of the respiratory mucosa of the nasal cavity and in bronchiolar and alveolar epithelium . antigen was first detectable at PI day 1 , was most prominent at days 3 4 and was undetectable after day 7 . More antigen could be seen in the nasal mucosa than in the lung at any stage in the infection . these studies show that sendai virus by itself is capable of evoking severe , although transient , rhinitis and pneumonia in laboratory rats free of other significant pathogens .

Experimental bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection in conventional calves : light microscopic lesions , microbiology , and studies on lavaged … (1985 Jun)
experimental bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection in conventional calves : light microscopic lesions , microbiology , and studies on lavaged lung cells . conventionally raised male holstein calves , 1 month of age , were infected by intranasal and intratracheal inoculation with bovine respiratory syncytial virus . viral antigen was identified by fluorescence microscopy most commonly in the cytoplasm of tracheal and bronchial epithelial cells 3 to 5 days after inoculation . cytoplasmic viral antigen was identified also in nasal , nasopharyngeal , bronchiolar , and alveolar epithelial cells and in alveolar macrophages . bronchitis and tracheitis , characterized in part by epithelial necrosis , formation of syncytial epithelial cells and epithelial hyperplasia , were the most common lesions observed histologically . rhinitis , bronchiolitis , and interstitial pneumonia were observed less frequently . alterations were not detected in the numbers of cells recovered by bronchoalveolar lavage after inoculation . An increase in the phagocytic rate of latex beads occurred in macrophages 5 days after inoculation . viral induced lesions were resolved by 30 days after inoculation . The results indicated that bovine respiratory syncytial virus inoculation of calves results in reversible alterations in airway epithelial structure and in the phagocytic function of alveolar macrophages .

Intranasal infection of ferrets ( mustela putorius furo ) with canine parainfluenza virus. (1992 Mar)
intranasal infection of ferrets ( mustela putorius furo ) with canine parainfluenza virus . immunocompetent and cyclophosphamide immunosuppressed ferrets were intranasally infected with canine parainfluenza virus ( CPIV ) and observed for clinical signs , histopathologic lesions , the immunocytochemical demonstration of CPIV antigen in the respiratory tract and scanning electron microscopic alterations of the tracheal epithelium until 36 days post infection ( p . i . ) . In both groups , clinical signs were minimal , restricted to the upper respiratory tract and consisted of cough elicited by tracheal compression between 3 and 7 days p . i . microscopically , inflammatory and degenerative lesions were observed in the trachea and less frequently in the nasal cavity ; bronchiolitis or interstitial pneumonia was not demonstrated . By immunocytochemistry , CPIV antigen was demonstrated in tracheal epithelial cells , whereas nasal cavity , bronchi , bronchioles and lung were devoid of viral antigen . ferrets given CPIV alone developed a minimal lymphocytic tracheitis with minimal loss of cilia and CPIV antigen was observed only 4 days p . i . 17 days p . i . , normal epithelial organization and ciliary reappearance was reestablished . ferrets treated with cyclophosphamide and infected with CPIV exhibited mild to moderate histological lesions as above with similar scanning electron microscopic changes until 36 p . i . tracheal lesions consisted of intraepithelial and submucosal infiltration of lymphocytes and macrophages , focal epithelial hyperplasia and multifocal loss of cilia . In addition , …

Bilateral hypoplasia of the soft palate in a foal. (1991 Sep)
bilateral hypoplasia of the soft palate in a foal . bilateral hypoplasia of the soft palate and aspiration pneumonia occurred in a standardbred foal . The filly was presented with a history of illthrift , dyspnoea , coughing and bilateral nasal discharge . abnormal sounds ( crackels and wheezes ) were auscultated over all lung fields and the cervical trachea . endoscopy revealed a shortened soft palate with a uvula like mass protruding from the free border into the nasopharynx . mucopurulent material was present in the trachea . samples obtained by tracheal wash were submitted for cytology , culture and sensitivity testing . results indicated a septic inflammatory process . On lateral radiographs of the thorax there were patchy areas of consolidation and air bronchograms . The foal was euthanased . necropsy confirmed the presence of a palatal defect and aspiration pneumonia of moderate severity . No other congenital abnormalities were present .

Differential epithelial expression of the putative innate immune molecule splunc1 in cystic fibrosis. (2008 Jan)
differential epithelial expression of the putative innate immune molecule splunc1 in cystic fibrosis . introduction : short plunc1 ( splunc1 ) is the founding member of a family of proteins ( pluncs ) expressed in the upper respiratory tract and oral cavity , which may function in host defence . It is one of the most highly expressed genes in the upper airways and the protein has been detected in sputum and nasal secretions . The biology of the plunc family is poorly understood but in keeping with the putative function of the protein as an immune defence protein , a number of RNA and protein studies have indicated that splunc1 is increased in inflammatory / infectious conditions such as cystic fibrosis ( CF ) , COPD and allergic rhinitis . methods : We used immunohistochemistry to localise splunc1 in lung tissue from patients with CF and a range of other lung diseases . We used a range of additional markers for distinct cell types to try to establish the exact site of secretion of splunc1 . We have complemented these studies with a molecular analysis of splunc1 gene expression in primary human lung cell cultures and isolated inflammatory cell populations . results : In CF , expression of splunc1 is significantly elevated in diseased airways and positive staining was noted in some of the inflammatory infiltrates . The epithelium of small airways of CF lung exhibit significantly increased splunc1 staining compared to similar sized airways in non CF lungs …

Tracheal function during influenza infections. (1984 Jan)
tracheal function during influenza infections . studies with animal models have demonstrated that viral respiratory tract infections suppress bacterial clearance processes in the lung and that this alteration in host defenses appears to explain the excessive mortality from bacterial pneumonia during influenza epidemics . however , since the pathogenesis of postinfluenza pneumonia and other pneumonias probably involves the aspiration of normal nasopharyngeal flora , injury to major airways associated with influenza infections could also contribute to the development of bacterial pneumonia by increasing bacterial deposition in the peripheral lung . We investigated this possibility by evaluating tracheal clearance processes and spontaneous changes in the tracheal flora in a murine model for acute influenza . during fine particle aerosol exposures to staphylococcus aureus , influenza infected mice retained the same number of bacteria on their proximal tracheal surfaces as did control mice , and the relative adherence of the staphylococci to the trachea was similar in both groups of mice . however , the clearance of viable staphylococci from the trachea was significantly delayed in influenza infected mice . control and influenza infected mice were also evaluated for changes in their normal tracheal flora . Mice with established influenza infections had more frequent spontaneous colonization with gram negative bacteria , more bacterial isolates per animal , and higher bacterial concentrations in tracheal homogenates than control mice . these changes in tracheal flora were most pronounced on day 7 after virus inoculation and persisted after virus titers were undetectable , but eventually …

Disturbance of immune characteristics of the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract in bronchopulmonary diseases in children A total of … (2003 Mar)
disturbance of immune characteristics of the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract in bronchopulmonary diseases in children A total of 100 children with bronchopulmonary diseases were examined . Of these , in 80 bronchial asthma and in 20 children acute pneumonia were diagnosed . The deficiency of local cell mediated and humoral factors on the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tracts was established . In the squamous and columnar epithelium cells an increased destruction and cytolysis was noted leading to disturbances in the integrity of the protective barrier of the epithelial cover . In addition , this study revealed the deficiency of neutrophilic leukocytes , pronounced local eosinophilia and the low level of humoral protective factors . In acute pneumonia an increase in the amount of neutrophilic leukocytes in the secretion of the nasal cavity together with the appearance of destructive processes in epithelial cells took place . pronounced deficiency in serum IgA and IgG was accompanied by compensatory increase in secretory IgA .

The appearance of cell bound IgE in respiratory tract epithelium after respiratory syncytial virus infection. (1980 Dec)
The appearance of cell bound IgE in respiratory tract epithelium after respiratory syncytial virus infection . We studied the appearance of IgE in the respiratory tract in 42 infants and young children with various forms of respiratory illness after infection by respiratory syncytial virus ( RSV ) . IgE was bound to exfoliated nasopharyngeal epithelial cells in most patients with RSV infection during the acute phase of infection , regardless of the form of illness . however , the continued presence of cell bound IgE was more common in patients with RSV induced bronchiolitis or asthma than in patients with mild upper respiratory tract illness or pneumonia due to RSV . persistence of IgE was also apparently related to the incidence of previous episodes of wheezing in patients or their families . The production of IgE and the subsequent release of chemical mediators of bronchospasm may contribute to the pathogenesis of acute illness due to RSV ; persistence of IgE in the respiratory tract may explain the recurrent episodes of wheezing that occur in many patients after RSV induced bronchiolitis .

Detection of respiratory syncytial virus in nasopharyngeal secretions by 24 well plate precentrifugation assay using a monoclonal antibody against F … (2000 May)
detection of respiratory syncytial virus in nasopharyngeal secretions by 24 well plate precentrifugation assay using a monoclonal antibody against F protein . background : respiratory syncytial virus ( RSV ) is responsible for 50 of all bronchiolitis and 25 of pneumonia cases during the first month of life . detection of the RSV antigen by immunofluorescence in exfoliated nasal epithelium or by other methods in nasopharyngeal swabs is useful in the potentially infected patient because results are available within a few hours . In contrast , RSV antigen detection in cell culture may require as much as 3 weeks . methods : three methods for detection of respiratory syncytial virus in 131 clinical respiratory specimens from patients with acute respiratory disease and bronchiolitis were compared utilizing the following : a precentrifugation immunofluorescence assay using Hep 2 cells , indirect immunofluorescence assay , and conventional tube cell culture using Hep 2 cells . results : respiratory syncytial virus was identified in 36 specimens by the three methods previously described . The virus was recovered in 41 ( 31 . 3 ) samples by precentrifugation immunofluorescence assay , 40 ( 30 . 5 ) were identified by the immunofluorescence technique , and 38 ( 29 . 0 ) cases were positive by conventional cell culture . The sensitivity of the precentrifugation assay in relation to the immunofluorescence technique was 90 , the specificity 94 . 5 , and the agreement , 96 . 2 . A positive predictive value of 90 . …

Bacteria mucin interaction in the upper aerodigestive tract shows striking heterogeneity : implications in otitis media , rhinosinusitis , and … (2000 May)
bacteria mucin interaction in the upper aerodigestive tract shows striking heterogeneity : implications in otitis media , rhinosinusitis , and pneumonia . The mucociliary system of the upper and lower respiratory tracts is a critical nonspecific pathway for the elimination of bacteria and other particulate matter . The interaction between bacteria and purified mucin of the upper and lower respiratory tracts has been a major focus of our laboratory for the past decade . We have previously demonstrated that nontypable haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis adhere to human purified nasopharyngeal mucin and human middle ear mucin by a very limited number of specific outer membrane proteins . there have been no previous studies on the interaction of streptococcus pneumoniae and purified mucin . Such information would be of extreme importance in identifying specific mechanisms of preventing colonization of this important pathogen to nasopharyngeal mucin . using an overlay technique of purified radiolabeled mucins of the upper and lower respiratory tracts in a solid phase assay with 4 predominant pathogens of the upper and lower respiratory tracts , we found a striking heterogeneity of bacteria mucin interaction . The implications of these interactions in the development of otitis media , rhinosinusitis , and lower respiratory infections are briefly discussed .

Distribution of pasteurella haemolytica in the respiratory tracts of carrier calves and those subsequently infected experimentally with dictyocaulus viviparus. (1990 Aug)
distribution of pasteurella haemolytica in the respiratory tracts of carrier calves and those subsequently infected experimentally with dictyocaulus viviparus . distribution of pasteurella haemolytica in the respiratory tracts of calves with no apparent clinical signs of illness and those infected experimentally with dictyocaulus viviparus was determined so as to define carrier sites for this organism . The calves had been positive by nasopharyngeal swab for either P haemolytica A2 or A1 for at least two months or for over a month , respectively , before slaughter . P haemolytica A1 was acquired following horizontal spread from other infected calves . It was observed post mortem that P haemolytica A1 or A2 resided in the tonsils and retropharyngeal lymph nodes of calves of both groups . In addition to these sites , P haemolytica A1 was also isolated from the right cranial lung lobe of one of the calves from the D viviparus infected group although there was no evidence of pasteurella associated pneumonia . It was concluded that tonsil and retropharyngeal lymph nodes appear to be the most important carrier sites for P haemolytica when compared to other tissues of the bovine respiratory tract .

Branhamella catarrhalis : its respiratory pathogenicity in childhood branhamella catarrhalis is a nasopharyngeal commensal which is being increasingly recognised as … (1991 Feb)
branhamella catarrhalis : its respiratory pathogenicity in childhood branhamella catarrhalis is a nasopharyngeal commensal which is being increasingly recognised as a pathogen , causing mainly infective exacerbations of chronic lung disease . It can also originate serious infections , like septicaemia , in patients with chronic predisposing conditions . during the period from 1979 to 1987 , 22 , 501 respiratory tract samples from children were evaluated . ninety nine isolated of branhamella catarrhalis were identified ( 0 . 44 ) . patients age extended from 12 days to 9 years , with patients younger than two years representing 73 . sixty three out of 77 cases investigated ( 82 ) were positive for beta lactamase . The most frequent finding was the recovery of branhamella catarrhalis in tracheal aspirates from children with a tracheotomy or prolonged nasotracheal intubation . One of these children had a septic episode during which branhamella catarrhalis was isolated from blood . Also remarkable is a case of pneumonia in a patient with congenital hypogammaglobulinaemia . branhamella catarrhalis was also recovered in a wide variety of acute upper and lower respiratory tract infections in children without previous predisposing conditions . It is less clear its pathogenic role in these cases .

Coronavirus replication in the intestinal and respiratory tracts during infection of calves. (1984 Jun)
coronavirus replication in the intestinal and respiratory tracts during infection of calves . coronaviruses have been isolated from cases of neonatal calf diarrhoea in many parts of the world and were revealed in the respiratory tract recently , during a study of calf pneumonia . In experiments on gnotobiotic calves an enteric coronavirus replicated in the nasal epithelium and a respiratory isolate was shed in faeces . The enteric coronavirus prevented subsequent infection with either homologous enteric or the respiratory isolate . A dual tropism for this agent was emphasized by the detection of coronavirus antigen in intestinal and respiratory epithelium of naturally infected calves .