Infection of the tracheal epithelium by infectious bronchitis virus is sialic acid dependent. (2008 Apr)
infection of the tracheal epithelium by infectious bronchitis virus is sialic acid dependent . avian infectious bronchitis virus ( IBV ) is a coronavirus that infects chickens via the respiratory epithelium as primary target cells . The binding of coronaviruses to the cell surface is mediated by the viral surface protein S . recently we demonstrated that alpha2 , 3 linked sialic acid serves as a receptor determinant for IBV on Vero cells and primary chicken embryo kidney cells . Here we analyze the importance of the sialic acid binding activity for the infection of tracheal organ cultures ( TOCs ) by different IBV strains . Our results show that alpha2 , 3 linked sialic acid also serves as a receptor determinant on chicken TOCs . infection of TOCs by IBV results in ciliostasis . desialylation induced by neuraminidase treatment of tracheal organ cultures prior to infection by IBV delayed the ciliostatic effect or resulted in partial loss of ciliary activity . This effect was observed with both respiratory and nephropathogenic strains . inhibition of ciliostasis was also observed when TOCs were pretreated with an alpha2 , 3 specific neuraminidase . analysis of the tracheal epithelium for reactivity with lectins revealed that the susceptible cells in the epithelium abundantly express alpha2 , 3 linked sialic acid . these results indicate that alpha2 , 3 linked sialic acid plays an important role for infection of the respiratory epithelium by IBV .

Urinary leukotriene E ( 4 ) , eosinophil protein X , and nasal eosinophil cationic protein are not associated with … (2001 Sep)
urinary leukotriene E ( 4 ) , eosinophil protein X , and nasal eosinophil cationic protein are not associated with respiratory symptoms in 1 year old children . background : eosinophilic airways inflammation forms the pathophysiologic basis for a proportion of children at risk of developing recurrent wheezing . early preventive measures and / or anti inflammatory treatment may be guided by the identification of such children . We aimed to study the relationship between respiratory symptoms and indirect markers of airway inflammation . methods : We measured eosinophil protein X ( EPX ) and leukotriene E ( 4 ) ( LTE ( 4 ) ) in urine , as well as eosinophil cationic protein ( ECP ) in nasal lavages , in a random sample of 1 year old children with a family history of atopy who participated in an international multicenter study on the prevention of allergy in europe . For urine analyses , 10 children with upper respiratory illness and 19 healthy children without a family history of atopy were also enrolled . endogenous urinary LTE ( 4 ) was separated by HPLC and determined by enzyme immunoassay with a specific antibody . The concentrations of nasal ECP and urinary EPX were determined by RIA analysis . results : One hundred and ten children ( mean age : 1 . 05 / 0 . 1 years ) were enrolled . prolonged coughing during the first year of life was reported in 29 children , wheezy breathing in …

Non allergic models of mucous cell metaplasia and mucus hypersecretion in rat nasal and pulmonary airways. (2003 Feb)
Non allergic models of mucous cell metaplasia and mucus hypersecretion in rat nasal and pulmonary airways . mucous cell proliferation and hypersecretion of airway mucus are important pathological features of human respiratory disorders such as asthma and chronic bronchitis . In addition to airborne allergens and infectious agents , inhaled chemical irritants such as ozone and cigarette smoke have been demonstrated to induce changes in airway mucus production . cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in non allergic , toxicant induced mucous cell metaplasia ( MCM ; transformation of airway epithelium , normally devoid of mucous cells , to secretory epithelium containing numerous mucus secreting cells ) are still unclear . We have used two experimental models of toxicant induced MCM in the airways of rats to study the epithelial and inflammatory factors involved in the pathogenesis of MCM . mucin specific gene expression and MCM are induced in the nasal transitional epithelium ( NTE ) , but not in the bronchiolar epithelium of F344 rats acutely exposed to ozone , an important air pollutant of photochemical smog . inhalation of endotoxin , a lipopolysaccharide protein molecule of gram negative bacteria , induces MCM in the bronchiolar epithelium , but not in the NTE , of rats . Both ozone and endotoxin induced MCM are dependent on neutrophilic inflammation . interestingly , each toxicant enhances the MCM induced by the other toxicant . these synergistic effects elicited by coexposure to ozone and endotoxin are also mediated , in part , by …

Mucus clearance : in vivo canine tracheal vs. (1977 Jul)
mucus clearance : in vivo canine tracheal vs . in vitro bullfrog palate studies . tracheal mucociliary clearance was studied by a radioisotope technique in pentothal anesthetized beagles in the control , atropinized , or dehydrated state . mucus collected from a tracheal pouch in each dog was used for in vitro bullfrog ( Rana cantesbiana ) palate clearance studies and compared to the in vivo clearance rates . In all three experimental states , there was a significant correlation between in vivo and in vitro rates , suggesting that tracheal pouch mucus is a good model for investigating the mucociliary flow properties of intact airway mucus . When compared to matched controls , atropine appeared to cause a slowing of the in vivo clearance rate but not of the in vitro rate . dehydration had no effect on either . The appropriateness of the frog palate method in the study of human respiratory disease ( e . g . , chronic bronchitis , cystic fibrosis ) as well as its potential as an objective method of assessing the effects of various therapeutic modalities in these diseases is discussed .

Increased telomerase activity and elevated htert mRNA expression during multistage carcinogenesis of squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. (2001 Sep)
increased telomerase activity and elevated htert mRNA expression during multistage carcinogenesis of squamous cell carcinoma of the lung . background : telomerase activation is believed to play a critical role in the immortalization of cells and carcinogenesis . telomerase activity is undetectable in normal somatic cells ( except for those cells undergoing proliferation ) but is expressed in the majority of human tumors including lung carcinoma . The expression of htert mRNA has been found to be correlated with telomerase activity . In the current study , the authors analyzed telomerase activity and htert mRNA expression in preinvasive bronchial lesions using biopsy specimens obtained by fluorescence bronchoscopy . methods : The authors studied 150 bronchial biopsy specimens obtained by fluorescence bronchoscopy . The intensity of telomerase activity was determined by the fluorescence based telomeric repeat amplification protocol method in 74 bronchial biopsy specimens ( 22 normal bronchial epithelium or bronchitis cases , 15 squamous metaplasia cases , 23 dysplasia cases , and 14 squamous cell carcinoma cases ) , and the level of htert mRNA was analyzed in another 76 specimens ( 24 normal bronchial epithelium or bronchitis cases , 15 squamous metaplasia cases , 20 dysplasia cases , and 17 squamous cell carcinoma cases ) by real time polymerase chain reaction . results : The mean values ( / the standard deviation SD ) of telomerase activity in normal bronchial epithelium or bronchitis , squamous metaplasia , dysplasia , and squamous cell carcinoma cases were 6 . 2 / …

Rhinobronchial reflex in patients with bronchial asthma altogether 229 patients with bronchial asthma and 57 patients with chronic bronchitis ( … (1986 Jul)
rhinobronchial reflex in patients with bronchial asthma altogether 229 patients with bronchial asthma and 57 patients with chronic bronchitis ( preasthma ) were examined . diseases of the respiratory tracts , mainly of the nasal cavity and accessory nasal sinuses were found in 273 ( 95 . 45 ) patients . there was correlation of the cell structure of the upper and lower respiratory tracts in patients with bronchial asthma as well as correlation in the status of the nasal and bronchial cavity mucosa . A raised rhinobronchial reflex was revealed in 33 . 7 of patients with bronchial asthma and a raised olfactobronchial reflex in 46 . 2 . latent hyperreactivity of the bronchi was detected in 21 . 7 of the patients with vasomotor rhinopathy without concomitant pulmonary pathology .

Morphologic observations on respiratory tracts of chickens after hatchery infectious bronchitis vaccination and formaldehyde fumigation. (2001 Jan)
morphologic observations on respiratory tracts of chickens after hatchery infectious bronchitis vaccination and formaldehyde fumigation . The histologic changes in the respiratory tracts of chickens were evaluated after hatchery fumigation with 40 formaldehyde vapors and vaccination against infectious bronchitis virus with live attenuated vaccine ( massachusetts serotype ) . One day old chickens were housed in four isolation units in controlled environmental conditions , fed and watered ad libitum , and separated into four groups : 1 ) fumigated and vaccinated birds ( FV group ) ; 2 ) nonfumigated and vaccinated birds ( NFV group ) ; 3 ) fumigated and nonvaccinated birds ( FNV group ) ; and 4 ) control group ( C group ) . All birds were tested to be free from mycoplasma gallisepticum and mycoplasma synoviae . after necropsy on the first , eighth , and twenty sixth days after birth , samples from tracheal upper portion and lungs were conventionally processed for light , scanning , and transmission electron microscopy . tissue response was monitored by microscopic examination of trachea and lung . On the first day of observation , fumigated and vaccinated birds ( FV group ) showed extensively damaged tracheal epithelium with exfoliated areas and some active glands with electrodense granules , and in the lung , the primary bronchi epithelium had disorganized cilia and abundant lymphocytes , with emphysematous areas in tertiary bronchus . On day 8 after vaccination , cubical and cylindrical tracheal cell proliferation was observed , and …

Invasion of microorganisms in bronchial mucosa of liquidators of the chernobyl accident consequences bronchial bioptates of 97 liquidators of the … (2001 Jun)
invasion of microorganisms in bronchial mucosa of liquidators of the chernobyl accident consequences bronchial bioptates of 97 liquidators of the chernobyl accident consequences with chronic bronchitis and 23 patients of control nosological group as well as sputum ( 174 persons ) and BAL ( 22 persons ) of liquidators with chronic obstructive lung disease ( COLD ) were studied to define pathogenic role of automicroflora in the development of lung diseases . Such methods as electron microscopy , immunohistochemistry and microbiology were used . The revealed invasion of microorganisms occurred against the background of pathology of superficial bronchial epithelium with a decrease of HLA DR and CD23 lymphocytes and increase of CD1c lymphocytes in lamina propria of bronchial mucosa of the liquidators . verification of microorganisms characteristic of the upper respiratory tracts and atypical presence of escherichia coli were found in the contents of the lower parts of broncho pulmonary system of the liquidators . The obtained results testify to the activation of automicroflora and appearance of pathogenic microorganisms were caused by deterioration of specific and non specific immune protection in liquidators with COLD .

Office equipment and supplies : a modern occupational health concern ? The helsinki office environment study , a population based … (1999 Dec)
office equipment and supplies : a modern occupational health concern ? The helsinki office environment study , a population based cross sectional study was carried out in finland in 1991 among 2 , 678 workers in 41 randomly selected office buildings . The aim was to evaluate the relations between work with office equipment and supplies and the occurrence of eye , nasopharyngeal , skin , and general symptoms ( often denoted as sick building syndrome ( SBS ) ) , chronic respiratory symptoms , and respiratory infections . Work with self copying paper was significantly related to weekly work related eye , nasopharyngeal , and skin symptoms , headache and lethargy , as well as to the occurrence of wheezing , cough , mucus production , sinusitis , and acute bronchitis . photocopying was related to nasal irritation , and video display terminal work to eye symptoms , headache , and lethargy .

Pathological studies of A / chicken / alabama / 7395 / 75 ( H4N8 ) influenza virus in specific pathogen … (1994 Jul)
pathological studies of A / chicken / alabama / 7395 / 75 ( H4N8 ) influenza virus in specific pathogen free laying hens . specific pathogen free laying hens were inoculated with avian influenza virus ( AIV ) A / chicken / alabama / 7395 / 75 ( H4N8 ) either intratracheally ( IT ) or intravenously ( IV ) . IT inoculation produced a localized infection of the upper and lower respiratory tracts with lesions of tracheitis , bronchitis , airsacculitis , and pneumonia around the secondary bronchi . IV inoculation produced a systemic infection with major lesions of nephritis , interstitial pneumonia , salpingitis , and splenic and hepatic necrosis . In IV inoculated hens , AIV nucleo protein was demonstrated within renal tubule epithelium , in luminal surface and glandular oviduct epithelium , and in mononuclear cells within pulmonary blood capillaries . however , no virus was recovered from internal contents of eggs laid between days 1 . 5 and 5 postinfection . these data indicate that A / chicken / alabama / 7395 / 75 has tissue tropism and pathogenicity for the respiratory and urogenital systems of reproductively active laying hens . Site and severity of lesion development are determined by the localized or systemic nature of AIV infection .

Ozone and endotoxin induced mucous cell metaplasias in rat airway epithelium : novel animal models to study toxicant induced epithelial … (1993 Jul)
ozone and endotoxin induced mucous cell metaplasias in rat airway epithelium : novel animal models to study toxicant induced epithelial transformation in airways . mucous ( goblet ) cell proliferation and hypersecretion of airway mucus are important characteristics of human respiratory disorders , especially chronic bronchitis and cystic fibrosis . these changes in secretory patterns also occur in animals experimentally exposed to chemical irritants such as ozone ( O3 ) , sulfur dioxide ( SO2 ) , and cigarette smoke . The cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in irritant induced mucous cell metaplasia ( MCM ; transformation of airway epithelium , normally devoid of mucous cells , to a secretory epithelium containing numerous mucous cells ) are still unclear . We used two experimental models of toxicant induced MCM in rat airways to study the cellular and molecular changes that occur during the development of this respiratory tract lesion . MCM can be induced in the nasal transitional epithelium of rats by repeated exposure to ambient levels of ozone . In addition , MCM can be induced in the tracheobronchial airways of rats repeatedly exposed to endotoxin , a lipopolysaccharide protein molecule found in the outer walls of Gram negative bacteria . The pathogenesis of ozone or endotoxin induced MCM has been partially characterized using a variety of morphometric and histochemical techniques . toxicant induced changes in the numbers and types of airway epithelial cells have been estimated using morphometric methods designed for estimating the abundance of cell populations . …

Differentially regulated epithelial expression of an Eph family tyrosine kinase ( fhek2 ) during tracheal surface airway and submucosal gland … (1997 Feb)
differentially regulated epithelial expression of an Eph family tyrosine kinase ( fhek2 ) during tracheal surface airway and submucosal gland development . A ferret model was used to evaluate the potential role of an Eph family tyrosine kinase ( fhek2 ) in tracheal development of surface airway epithelium and submucosal glands . A partial 2 . 6 kb cDNA fragment of fhek2 was isolated from a ferret tracheal / lung cDNA library . sequence analysis demonstrated that this gene is the ortholog to the previously cloned human Hek2 gene . In situ hybridization analysis of fhek2 mRNA expression on ferret tracheal developmental time points revealed an expression pattern within a subset of surface airway epithelial cells which remained relatively constant throughout tracheal development ( from 2 d in utero to adult ) . In contrast , developing tracheal submucosal glands at 3 day postnatal time points demonstrated little fhek2 mRNA expression . however , expression of fhek2 significantly increased more than 4 fold over the course of gland development to adulthood . these findings , which demonstrate a uniquely regulated pattern of fhek2 mRNA expression between surface airway epithelium and submucosal glands , have implications on regulatory processes which control differentiation and / or maturation of secretory structures in the lung . Such findings may be useful in further delineating the mechanisms which control cellular differentiation in the lung and how these processes are abnormally regulated in hypersecretory diseases such as chronic bronchitis , asthma , and cystic fibrosis .

Experimental bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection in conventional calves : light microscopic lesions , microbiology , and studies on lavaged … (1985 Jun)
experimental bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection in conventional calves : light microscopic lesions , microbiology , and studies on lavaged lung cells . conventionally raised male holstein calves , 1 month of age , were infected by intranasal and intratracheal inoculation with bovine respiratory syncytial virus . viral antigen was identified by fluorescence microscopy most commonly in the cytoplasm of tracheal and bronchial epithelial cells 3 to 5 days after inoculation . cytoplasmic viral antigen was identified also in nasal , nasopharyngeal , bronchiolar , and alveolar epithelial cells and in alveolar macrophages . bronchitis and tracheitis , characterized in part by epithelial necrosis , formation of syncytial epithelial cells and epithelial hyperplasia , were the most common lesions observed histologically . rhinitis , bronchiolitis , and interstitial pneumonia were observed less frequently . alterations were not detected in the numbers of cells recovered by bronchoalveolar lavage after inoculation . An increase in the phagocytic rate of latex beads occurred in macrophages 5 days after inoculation . viral induced lesions were resolved by 30 days after inoculation . The results indicated that bovine respiratory syncytial virus inoculation of calves results in reversible alterations in airway epithelial structure and in the phagocytic function of alveolar macrophages .

Injury and epithelial wound healing : a pathophysiologic hypothesis for nasal and sinus polyposis nasal polyposis ( NP ) , … (2007 Jul)
injury and epithelial wound healing : a pathophysiologic hypothesis for nasal and sinus polyposis nasal polyposis ( NP ) , asthma , and chronic bronchitis are chronic inflammatory diseases of the upper airways . They may be caused by injury to the respiratory epithelium in a chronic inflammatory environment . several studies show that during NP nasal epithelial cells are involved in the overexpression of cytokines and growth factors . among these , transforming growth factor beta1 ( TGF beta1 ) appears to play a major role in the genesis of NP . differentiated respiratory epithelium , obtained from in vivo or in vitro models , is used to study wound healing in inflammatory environments , to elucidate the pathophysiology of NP , and to improve understanding and management of upper airway inflammatory diseases .