PAF and CD18 mediate neutrophil infiltration in upper gastrointestinal tract during intra abdominal sepsis. (1998 Oct)
PAF and CD18 mediate neutrophil infiltration in upper gastrointestinal tract during intra abdominal sepsis . neutrophil infiltration is a critical event in the development of multiple organ failure during sepsis . We hypothesized that platelet activating factor ( PAF ) release contributes to neutrophil infiltration in the gastrointestinal tract during sepsis . In the first experiments we administered exogenous PAF ( 1 . 56 , 6 . 25 , 25 , and 100 ng . kg 1 . min 1 for 30 min ) to urethan anesthetized sprague dawley rats . PAF was administered alone or in combination with either the PAF antagonist WEB 2086 ( 250 microg . kg 1 . min 1 ) , a monoclonal antibody ( MAb ) to CD18 , or a MAb to intercellular adhesion molecule 1 ( ICAM 1 ) . In separate groups of rats , cecal ligation and incision ( CLI ) was performed to create intra abdominal sepsis , which we hypothesized would stimulate the release of endogenous PAF . CLI was performed in rats given either saline , WEB 2086 , anti CD18 , or anti ICAM 1 MAb . after these experiments , tissue myeloperoxidase ( MPO ) levels were determined as a marker of neutrophil infiltration . Both exogenous PAF and CLI induced significant increases in MPO activity in the stomach and duodenum . these increases were significantly attenuated by WEB 2086 , anti CD18 MAb , and anti ICAM 1 MAb in both PAF and CLI …

Endotoxin induced pulmonary leukostasis in the rat : role of platelet activating factor and tumor necrosis factor. (1994 Feb)
endotoxin induced pulmonary leukostasis in the rat : role of platelet activating factor and tumor necrosis factor . injection of bacterial lipopolysaccharide ( LPS ) into experimental animals induces septic shock associated with the release of tumor necrosis factor ( TNF ) and platelet activating factor ( PAF ) . because both TNF and PAF stimulate neutrophil adhesion to endothelial cells in vitro , and because neutrophils are important effector cells in sepsis induced lung vascular injury , the role of TNF and PAF in LPS induced lung neutrophil sequestration was investigated . Lung myeloperoxidase ( MPO ) activity was measured as a quantitative assessment of pulmonary leukostasis . injection of salmonella enteritidis LPS into rats caused dose dependent increases in lung MPO that peaked at 2 hours and persisted for up to 24 hours . injection of purified human recombinant TNF ( 2 to 200 micrograms / kg i . v . ) mimicked the effect of LPS on lung MPO activity . injection of synthetic PAF increased lung MPO only at the highest and lethal dose ( 10 micrograms / kg ) . lower doses ( 0 . 1 and 1 microgram / kg ) of PAF had no effect on lung MPO by itself and did not enhance LPS or TNF induced lung neutrophil sequestration . furthermore , pretreatment of the rats with two different PAF receptor antagonists , WEB 2086 ( 10 mg / kg IP ) and SRI 63 441 ( 10 mg / kg …

N acetylcysteine protects the rats against phrenic nerve dysfunction in sepsis. (2005 Dec)
N acetylcysteine protects the rats against phrenic nerve dysfunction in sepsis . This study investigates the association of oxidative stress with the function of the phrenic nerve and inquires whether N acetylcysteine ( NAC ) may counteract the possible detrimental effects . thirty rats were divided into three groups : sham , cecal ligation and puncture ( CLP ) , and CLP plus NAC treatment . sepsis was produced by the CLP procedure . NAC was administered at 70 mg / day for 7 days . electrophysiology was evaluated by the needle electromyography of the diaphragm and phrenic nerve conduction study . oxidative stress was evaluated by malondialdehyde ( MDA ) , nitrite / nitrate ( NN ) , and reduced glutathione ( regsh ) levels and myeloperoxidase ( MPO ) and catalase ( CAT ) activities in the phrenic nerve . In the CLP group , regsh and CAT were decreased ( P 0 . 0001 , P 0 . 07 , respectively ) ; and MDA , MPO , and NN were increased ( P 0 . 02 , P 0 . 0001 , P 0 . 043 , respectively ) , compared with the sham group . NAC administration increased the regsh ( P 0 . 036 ) and decreased the MDA , MPO , and NN ( P 0 . 008 , P 0 . 01 , P 0 . 032 , respectively ) , compared with the CLP group . In the CLP group , …

Dietary glutamine supplementation reduces cellular adhesion molecule expression and tissue myeloperoxidase activity in mice with gut derived sepsis. (2006 Mar)
dietary glutamine supplementation reduces cellular adhesion molecule expression and tissue myeloperoxidase activity in mice with gut derived sepsis . objectives : This study investigated the effects of glutamine ( Gln ) on plasma intracellular adhesion molecule 1 levels and leukocyte integrin ( cd11a / CD18 and cd11b / CD18 ) expressions in gut derived sepsis . myeloperoxidase ( MPO ) activities in organs were also analyzed to identify the extent of tissue injury resulting from neutrophil infiltration . methods : Mice were randomly assigned to a normal group ( NC ) , a control group , or a Gln group . The NC group was fed standard chow diet ; the control group was fed a common semipurified diet ; and the Gln group received a diet in which part of the casein was replaced by Gln , which provided 25 of total amino acid nitrogen . after 3 wk , sepsis was induced by cecal ligation and puncture ( CLP ) in the control and Gln groups . Mice in the experimental groups were killed at 0 , 6 , 12 , and 24 h after CLP . Mice in the NC group were killed when CLP was performed . blood and organ samples were collected for further analysis . results : plasma intracellular adhesion molecule 1 levels were significantly lower in the Gln group than in the control group at 6 , 12 , and 24 h after CLP . expressions of lymphocyte cd11a / CD18 were significantly …

The protective effect of N acetylcysteine on apoptotic lung injury in cecal ligation and puncture induced sepsis model. (2003 Apr)
The protective effect of N acetylcysteine on apoptotic lung injury in cecal ligation and puncture induced sepsis model . apoptotic loss of parenchymal cells may lead to organ dysfunctions in critically ill patients with septic states . As an antioxidant , the protective effects of N acetylcysteine ( NAC ) are documented in many experimental and clinical studies . In this experimental study , we investigated the role of chronically used NAC in septic lung injury on a cecal ligation and puncture ( CLP ) model . To evaluate this , 30 male wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups as sham ( n 7 ) , CLP ( n 8 ) , sham NAC ( n 7 ) and CLP NAC ( n 8 ) groups . NAC was administered 150 mg kg ( 1 ) day through intramuscular route beginning 6 h after the operations and lasting for a period of 1 week . One week later , histopathology and epithelial apoptosis were assessed by hematoxylin eosin and immunohistochemically by M30 and caspase 3 staining to demonstrate septic lung injury . additionally , lung tissue myeloperoxidase ( MPO ) activity , malondialdehyde ( MDA ) , and nitrite / nitrate levels were measured . The MPO activity and MDA levels in lung homogenates were found to be increased in CLP group and the administration of NAC prevented their increase significantly ( P 0 . 05 ) . however , there were no significant differences among the groups …

Purification of myeloperoxidase from equine polymorphonuclear leucocytes. (1998 May)
purification of myeloperoxidase from equine polymorphonuclear leucocytes . increases of plasma concentrations of neutrophil myeloperoxidase ( MPO ) can be used as markers of polymorphonuclear leucocytes ( PMN ) activation in pathological situations ( sepsis , acute lung injury , acute inflammation ) . To develop an assay for measurement of plasma MPO in horses during the above mentioned infectious and inflammatory conditions , MPO was purified from equine PMN isolated from blood anticoagulated with citrate . PMN were extracted in a saline milieu ( 0 . 2 M Na acetate , 1 M NaCl , pH 4 . 7 ) to eliminate most of cellular proteins . pellets were then extracted in the same buffer containing cationic detergent ( 1 cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide ) . The supernatant was further purified by ion exchange chromatography ( hiload S sepharose HP column 0 . 5 x 26 cm , equilibrated with 25 mM Na acetate , 0 . 2 M NaCl , pH 4 . 7 ) with a NaCl gradient ( until 1 M ) . Most of the peroxidase activity of MPO ( spectrophotometrically measured by the oxidation of orthodianisidine by hydrogen peroxide ) was eluted at 0 . 65 M NaCl . MPO was further purified by gel filtration chromatography ( sephacryl S 200 column 2 . 6 x 42 cm with 25 mM Na acetate , 0 . 2 M NaCl , pH 4 . 7 ) . MPO ( specific activity : 74 . 3 U …

Inhibition of growth of trichophyton rubrum by the myeloperoxidase hydrogen peroxide chloride system. (1989 May)
inhibition of growth of trichophyton rubrum by the myeloperoxidase hydrogen peroxide chloride system . The myeloperoxidase hydrogen peroxide chloride ( MPO H2O2 Cl ) system is an antimicrobial system of polymorphonuclear leukocytes . We demonstrated that the MPO H2O2 Cl system is fungicidal for trichophyton rubrum . fungal growth of a synchronous cell culture of T . rubrum germlings was assayed by measuring the uptake of tritiated N acetyl D glucosamine , and the viability of the fungi was assayed by counting colony forming units . cytotoxins produced by the interaction of myeloperoxidase with hydrogen peroxide and chloride ion were fungicidal for T . rubrum . growth inhibition was abolished in the presence of catalase or L methionine . polymorphonuclear leukocytes through the MPO H2O2 Cl system may prevent invasion and sepsis by dermatophytes even in the absence of specific immunity .

Fast double antibody radioimmunoassay of human granulocyte myeloperoxidase and its application to plasma. (1991 May)
Fast double antibody radioimmunoassay of human granulocyte myeloperoxidase and its application to plasma . The haem enzyme myeloperoxidase ( MPO ) ( EC 1 . 11 . 1 . 7 ) with a spectral A430 / A280 ratio greater than 0 . 7 and a specific activity of 125 U / mg was purified from isolated human neutrophils . To obtain a radioimmunoassay ( RIA ) for this enzyme , a specific antiserum against human neutrophil MPO was raised in rabbits and used at an initial dilution of 1 / 10 , 000 . MPO labelled with 125iodine by a technique of self labelling in the presence of H2O2 , had a specific activity of 24 mCi / mg . after incubation at room temperature ( 2 h ) and separation by double antibody precipitation in the presence of polyethylene glycol , the sensitivity of the RIA was 21 ng / ml . The RIA showed good precision and accuracy with intra and interassay coefficients of variation of less than 7 for MPO concentrations ranging from 100 to 800 ng / ml , and satisfactory recoveries of known amounts of exogenous MPO in plasma . For the measurement of MPO in blood , the best sampling technique was to collect blood into EDTA . rapid centrifugation ( within 20 min ) was necessary for blood collected into heparin . Mean MPO values in normal individuals were 340 / 98 ng / ml in EDTA plasma ( n 152 ) and …

Cytotoxicity towards human endothelial cells , induced by neutrophil myeloperoxidase : protection by ceftazidime. (2008 May)
cytotoxicity towards human endothelial cells , induced by neutrophil myeloperoxidase : protection by ceftazidime . We investigated the effects of the antibiotic ceftazidime ( CAZ ) on the cytolytic action of the neutrophil myeloperoxidase hydrogen peroxide chloride anion system ( MPO / H ( 2 ) O ( 2 ) / Cl ( ) ) . In this system , myeloperoxidase catalyses the conversion of H ( 2 ) O ( 2 ) and CI ( ) to the cytotoxic agent HOCl . stimulated neutrophils can release MPO into the extracellular environment and then may cause tissue injury through direct endothelial cells lysis . We showed that human umbilical vein endothelial cells ( huvec ) were capable of taking up active MPO . In presence of H ( 2 ) O ( 2 ) ( 10 ( 4 ) M ) , this uptake was accompanied by cell lysis . The cytolysis was estimated by the release of ( 51 ) Cr from huvec and expressed as an index of cytotoxicity ( IC ) . Dose dependent protection was obtained for CAZ concentrations ranging from 10 ( 5 ) to 10 ( 3 ) M ; this can be attributed to inactivation of HOCl by the drug . This protection is comparable to that obtained with methionine and histidine , both of which are known to neutralize HOCl . This protection by CAZ could also be attributed to inactivation of H ( 2 ) O ( 2 ) , but …

Acute phase response in acute pancreatitis : a comparison with abdominal sepsis. (2003 Nov)
acute phase response in acute pancreatitis : a comparison with abdominal sepsis . background : increased knowledge on the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms in acute pancreatitis ( AP ) and abdominal sepsis ( AS ) is essential , not least for the development of novel ways of treatment . The present study aims at determining dynamic changes in the systemic inflammatory response in AP and AS . methods : AP was induced by the intraductal injection of sodium taurodeoxycholate in the rat , while AS was induced by caecal ligation and puncture . The animals were killed 1 , 3 , 6 and 9 h after challenge . plasma exudation of radiolabelled albumin , myeloperoxidase ( MPO ) , TNF alpha , MCP 1 , superoxide and hydrogen peroxide was measured . results : leakage index of human serum albumin showed a significant increase early ( I h ) after induction of AP and later ( 9h ) in AS compared to controls ( P 0 . 05 ) . hydrogen peroxide generation by circulating monocytes / macrophages was high early ( 1 h ) in AP and after 3 and 6h in AS . superoxide generation increased by time after both challenges . MPO activity increased significantly , starting at 3 h in both AP and AS ( P 0 . 05 ) . TNF alpha increased significantly at 6 and 9 h in both models . conclusion : Our results indicate differences in the release of systemic inflammatory mediators …

Lethal candida sepsis associated with myeloperoxidase deficiency and pre eclampsia. (2007 Jul)
lethal candida sepsis associated with myeloperoxidase deficiency and pre eclampsia . We report on a 27 year old primipara suffering from pre eclampsia who died within 2 days postpartum . toxemia with disseminated intravascular coagulation ( DIC ) and acute renal failure had masked the symptoms of invasive candida esophagitis and disseminated candidiasis in both lungs . candida sepsis was discovered as the cause of death at postmortem examination . myeloperoxidase ( MPO ) deficiency was identified as having supported the invasive candida infection . We conclude that a combination of MPO deficiency and gestational toxemia may indicate increased susceptibility to severe candida infections .

Anti intercellular adhesion molecule 1 antibody and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 gene deficiency do not prevent pulmonary neutrophil recruitment in … (1998 Jun)
Anti intercellular adhesion molecule 1 antibody and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 gene deficiency do not prevent pulmonary neutrophil recruitment in polymicrobial sepsis . The intercellular adhesion molecule ( ICAM ) 1 is expressed constitutively in normal lungs and increased in pulmonary inflammation . whether increased ICAM 1 expression in the lung contributes to neutrophil sequestration during lung inflammation in sepsis is unclear . We tested this hypothesis in mice after systemic sepsis from cecal ligation and puncture ( CLP ) . ICAM 1 expression in mouse CLP lung tissue was found to increase with time . The time course of lung ICAM 1 up regulation correlated with increases in lung myeloperoxidase ( MPO ) activity and neutrophil sequestration by light microscopy . The monoclonal igg2b rat anti mouse antibody , an anti ICAM 1 antibody ( YN1 / 1 . 7 ) , administered intravenously at doses of 3 , 10 , or 30 mg / kg , however , did not decrease the lung MPO levels compared with nonimmune rat IgG . In support of these findings , lung MPO content in ICAM 1 deficient mice that underwent CLP was significantly higher than similarly treated ICAM 1 sufficient mice . Our results suggest that neutrophil sequestration in the mouse lung after CLP is not dependent on ICAM 1 .

Influence of hydroxyethyl starch 130 / 0. (2006 Sep)
influence of hydroxyethyl starch 130 / 0 . 4 in pulmonary neutrophil recruitment and acute lung injury during polymicrobial sepsis in rats . background : acute lung injury ( ALI ) is a progressive syndrome associated with significant mortality in sepsis patients . neutrophils are key cells in the inflammatory response that characterizes ALI . This study was designed to explore the effects of hydroxyethyl starch ( HES ) 130 / 0 . 4 ( a novel plasma substitute ) on pulmonary neutrophil recruitment and associated ALI in a rat sepsis model induced by cecal ligation and puncture ( CLP ) . methods : animals were randomly assigned to six groups saline control ; CLP and saline ; CLP and HES ( 7 . 5 , 15 and 30 ml / kg ) ; and HES control , subjected to CLP and infused with or without HES 130 / 0 . 4 4 h after CLP . Six hours later , the pulmonary capillary permeability ( PCP ) , myeloperoxidase ( MPO ) activity , lung histological changes , tumor necrosis factor alpha , interleukin 1beta and cytokine induced neutrophil chemoattractant levels , P selectin mRNA expression and nuclear factor kappa B ( NF kappab ) activation were measured . results : resuscitation with HES 130 / 0 . 4 significantly attenuated the CLP induced increase in PCP , MPO activity , cytokine / chemokine levels , mRNA expression of P selectin and NF kappab activation , all of which …

Melatonin treatment protects against sepsis induced functional and biochemical changes in rat ileum and urinary bladder. (2003 Dec)
melatonin treatment protects against sepsis induced functional and biochemical changes in rat ileum and urinary bladder . sepsis is commonly associated with enhanced generation of reactive oxygen metabolites , which lead to multiple organ dysfunction . The aim of this study was to examine the role of melatonin , a potent antioxidant , in protecting the intestinal and bladder tissues against damage in a rat model of sepsis . sepsis was induced by cecal ligation and perforation ( CLP ) in wistar albino rats . Sham operated ( control ) and CLP group received saline or melatonin ( 10 mg / kg , ip ) 30 minutes prior to and 6 hours after the operation . sixteen hours after the surgery , rats were decapitated and the intestinal and urinary bladder tissues were used for contractility studies , or stored for the measurement of malondialdehyde ( MDA ) content an index of lipid peroxidation , glutathione ( GSH ) levels a key antioxidant and myeloperoxidase ( MPO ) activity an index of neutrophil infiltration . ileal and bladder MDA levels in the CLP group were significantly increased ( p 0 . 001 ) with concomitant decreases in GSH levels ( p 0 . 01 p 0 . 001 ) when compared to the control group . similarly , MPO activity was significantly increased ( p 0 . 001 ) in both ileum and bladder tissues . On the other hand , melatonin treatment significantly reversed ( p 0 . 001 …

Hypertonic saline treatment of acid aspiration induced lung injury. (1996 Apr)
hypertonic saline treatment of acid aspiration induced lung injury . airway acid aspiration leads to severe microvascular lung injury and pulmonary edema . recent studies have demonstrated that other conditions associated with microvascular injury such as sepsis and burns can be effectively treated with low volume hypertonic saline ( HTS ) . Thus , the present study aimed to test whether HTS attenuates aspiration induced lung injury in the rat . intratracheal administration of 0 . 2 ml of 0 . 1 N HCl ( n 7 ) induced pulmonary leukosequestration myeloperoxidase ( MPO ) activity 446 / 34 , P 0 . 05 ; bronchoalveolar lavage ( BAL ) fluid neutrophil count 178 / 23 , P 0 . 05 , edema ( division 43 / 6 , P 0 . 01 ) , and microvascular permeability defect ( BAL protein concentration 675 / 34 , P 0 . 01 ) . these changes were associated with tissue hypoxia ( skeletal muscle PO2 , 49 / 8 mm Hg , P 0 . 05 ) and elevated serum TNF alpha ( 750 / 38 pg / ml , P 0 . 01 ) . HTS ( 2400 mosmole / liter ) at 5 ml / kg , administered 20 min after aspiration ( n 7 ) , reduced lung pulmonary edema by 58 / 7 ( P 0 . 05 ) and improved tissue oxygen tension ( PO2 , 85 / 7 mm Hg , P 0 . 05 …

Activation of polymorphonuclear neutrophils in patients with impaired left ventricular function. (2007 Sep)
activation of polymorphonuclear neutrophils in patients with impaired left ventricular function . activation of leukocytes and in particular polymorphonuclear neutrophils ( PMN ) has emerged as a critical confounder in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease : myeloperoxidase ( MPO ) , one of the principal proteins hosted in and secreted by activated PMN , has been mechanistically linked to endothelial and left ventricular ( LV ) dysfunction in rodent models of sepsis and ischemic cardiomyopathy . whether PMN activation is also overt in patients with LV dysfunction of ischemic and nonischemic origin , however , remains elusive . prospectively , 447 consecutive , stable outpatients were included in this single center study . In 113 patients with impaired left ventricular function ( ejection fraction 50 ; nonischemic cardiomyopathy , n 52 ; ischemic cardiomyopathy , n 61 ) , MPO plasma levels were elevated ( 24 . 5 IR : 15 . 8 54 . 0 vs 15 . 5 IR : 8 . 9 39 . 2 ng / ml in controls , P 0 . 01 ) as was elastase ( 111 . 5 IR : 63 . 8 233 . 3 vs 70 . 5 IR : 45 . 0 129 . 0 ng / ml , P 0 . 01 ) and NT probnp plasma levels ( 747 . 4 IR : 216 . 3 1958 . 3 vs 264 . 1 IR : 82 . 5 671 . 8 ng / L , P 0 …

Capsular polysaccharide and O specific antigen divergently modulate pulmonary neutrophil influx in an escherichia coli model of gram negative pneumonitis … (2000 Jun)
capsular polysaccharide and O specific antigen divergently modulate pulmonary neutrophil influx in an escherichia coli model of gram negative pneumonitis in rats . enteric gram negative bacilli cause a severe , often life threatening pneumonia . An improved understanding of the pathogenesis of this infection may lead to improved treatment . nearly all of the responsible gram negative bacilli possess capsular polysaccharides and / or an O specific antigen as part of their lipopolysaccharide ( LPS ) . We hypothesized that these surface polysaccharides may modulate the pulmonary host response . To investigate this , a rat pneumonitis model was used , and pulmonary neutrophil influx , a critical aspect of host defense , was measured . To assess for the effect of the capsule and O specific antigen on this host response , three proven , isogenic derivatives that are deficient in capsular polysaccharide alone ( CP9 . 137 ) , the O specific antigen moiety of the LPS alone ( cp921 ) , and both the capsular polysaccharide and O specific antigen ( cp923 ) , as well as their wild type parent ( CP9 ) , were used as challenge strains at various intratracheal challenge inocula ( CI ) . total lung myeloperoxidase ( MPO ) , a surrogate marker for neutrophils , was measured for 15 h post bacterial challenge . To determine the effect of capsule and the O specific antigen on the measured MPO levels , a mathematical model was developed and used to …

Extracellular release of bactericidal / permeability increasing protein in newborn infants. (2002 May)
extracellular release of bactericidal / permeability increasing protein in newborn infants . Upon activation , polymorphonuclear leucocytes ( PMN ) release bactericidal / permeability increasing protein , ( BPI ) from their azurophil granules . BPI selectively binds to the lipopolysaccharide ( LPS ) on gram negative bacteria and induces their death . This study examined plasma BPI concentration levels in healthy newborns and in newborns with clinical sepsis , and the ability of PMN from preterm and term infants to release BPI . We also studied the release of myeloperoxidase ( MPO ) , and the surface expression of adhesion molecule cd11b on PMN . In infants with clinical sepsis , plasma BPI concentration was higher , 27 . 8 microg / L 8 . 6 883 ; median ( range ) ( n 11 ) , than in healthy term infants 8 . 9 microg / L ( 3 . 9 179 ) ( n 17 ) , and in adults 7 . 3 microg / L ( 0 . 7 18 . 4 ) ( n 15 ) ; p 0 . 014 , kruskal wallis . In preterm infants ( n 8 ) , the ability of PMN to release BPI in vitro after stimulation with PMA was 8 . 8 , in term infants it was 15 . 9 ( n 29 ; p 0 . 05 vs . preterm infants ) and in adults 23 . 4 ng / 10 ( 6 ) PMN …

Losartan attenuates ventilator induced lung injury. (2008 Feb)
losartan attenuates ventilator induced lung injury . background : accumulating evidence shows that angiotensin II ( ANG II ) can be generated locally in the lung tissue and may have autocrine and / or paracrine actions on the cellular level . In addition , ANG II precursor , angiotensinogen , as well as ANG II type 1 receptor ( AT ( 1 ) ) , are also expressed in the lung tissue . recent studies revealed that ANG II promoted acute lung injury induced by acid aspiration or sepsis , and that ANG II receptor blockade had a protective effect against acute lung injury . therefore , the authors hypothesized that ventilator induced lung injury might also be exacerbated by local ANG II action , and that ANG II receptor blockade would protect the lung from ventilator induced lung injury . materials AND methods : forty sprague dawley rats weighing 300 350 g were randomly divided into the following experimental groups ( 10 rats in each group ) : ( 1 ) control group : rats were unventilated ; ( 2 ) LVT ( low volume ventilation ) group : rats were ventilated with 8 mL / kg tidal volume room air for 2 h ; ( 3 ) HVT ( high volume ventilation ) group : rats were ventilated with 40 mL / kg tidal volume room air for 2 h ; ( 4 ) HVT losartan group : rats were pretreated with losartan ( 30 mg / kg …

Shen Fu attenuates endotoxin induced acute lung injury in rats. (2006 Aug)
Shen Fu attenuates endotoxin induced acute lung injury in rats . sepsis is associated with the highest risk of progression to acute lung injury or acute respiratory distress syndrome . Shen Fu has been advocated to treat many severely ill patients . Our study was designed to investigate the effect of Shen Fu on endotoxin induced acute lung injury in vivo . adult male wistar rats were randomly divided into 6 groups : controls ; those challenged with endotoxin ( 5 mg / kg ) and treated with saline ; those challenged with endotoxin ( 5 mg / kg ) and treated with Shen Fu ( 1 mg / kg ) ; those challenged with endotoxin ( 5 mg / kg ) and treated with Shen Fu ( 10 mg / kg ) ; increase challenged with endotoxin ( 5 mg / kg ) and treated with Shen Fu ( 100 mg / kg ) ; saline injected and treated with Shen Fu ( 100 mg / kg ) . TNF alpha , IL 6 , and NF kappa B were investigated in the lung two hours later . myeloperoxidase ( MPO ) activity and wet / dry weight ratio were investigated six hours later . intravenous administration of endotoxin provoked significant lung injury , which was characterized by increment increase of MPO activity and wet / dry lung weight ratio , and TNF alpha and IL 6 expression and NF kappa B activation . Shen Fu ( 10 , …